View source for Translation

[[Category:Translation]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
! scope="row"|Languages
| [[Zh-hans/翻译|简体中文]]
| | [[He/{{PAGENAME:תרגום}}|עִברִית]]
|}

;Tip: Use [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=en&tl=de&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.gnucash.org%2Fwiki%2FTranslation&sandbox=1 Google translation] and select your language to get a machine translation of this document.
The concept of this document is to give you step-by-step instructions on how to create or update ''translation''s and other ''localization'' tasks for the gnucash project. 

There are related pages for
:programmers: [[I18N]] and
:project maintainers: [[Language_Administration]].

== Overview ==

GnuCash has several separate areas that need translations or localization, which are by priority:
;The [[#The glossary file|Glossary]]: A reference in form of a ''message catalog'' with roughly '''200''' terms that are commonly used throughout GnuCash and their '''explanation'''. Preferably it should be translated first for each new language to define a consistent terminology for the other parts.
:[https://hosted.weblate.org/engage/gnucash/ https://hosted.weblate.org/widgets/gnucash/-/glossary/287x66-grey.png]
;The [[#Translating the Program|Program]]: Its ''message catalogs'' contain all text messages for the application's user interface. It currently consists of roughly '''5000''' strings. Not all are equally important though.
: Some languages are currently maintained at the [[#translationproject.org]]: [{{URL:GH}}Gnucash/gnucash/blob/maint/po/CMakeLists.txt#L4-L5 short list]. To avoid conflicts, they are not shown on weblate!
: For any other language [https://hosted.weblate.org/engage/gnucash/ https://hosted.weblate.org/widgets/gnucash/-/gnucash/287x66-grey.png]
:Please read at least [[#Adjust special messages]] and [[#Special characters and other tips]], if you use one of that services.
;The [[Windows Installer Translation|Windows Installer]]: It contains some '''20''' strings.
;The [[#How to translate the files containing the new account hierarchies|Account Templates]]: A set of ready to use account chart snippets ''for personal users'' that can be mixed and matched into a full chart of accounts during the creation of a new a new GnuCash file with currently '''115''' translatable account names.
:*If your government or other authorities offer specific templates ''for business users'', you can create them, too.
;The [[#Translating the GnuCash Guide and Help|Documentation]]: The Help Manual and the [[Concept Guide|Tutorial and Concepts Guide]]. These documents explain how to use GnuCash. They are written in DocBook, an XML variant.
;The [[#How to translate the website|Website]]: While mostly written in PHP/HTML, it uses ''message catalogs'', too. Currently it has '''430''' messages.
:[https://hosted.weblate.org/engage/gnucash/ https://hosted.weblate.org/widgets/gnucash/-/website/287x66-grey.png]
:* In theory one could also translate recent announcements from the '''news''' directory into the language specific subfolder, but ususally there are more important tasks around.
;The [[#How to create localized Income Tax Tables|Income Tax Tables]]: They require some knowledge of your regional tax rules and are related to ''account templates''.
;Currencies: GnuCash uses the translation of the ISO 4217 '''currency''' codes and names. This are maintained by the [https://salsa.debian.org/iso-codes-team/iso-codes ISO Codes Team]. If your language is missing or has issues contact them or contribute: [https://hosted.weblate.org/engage/iso-codes/?utm_source=widget https://hosted.weblate.org/widgets/iso-codes/-/iso-4217/287x66-white.png]
* Optionally you can [[#Check Files in Repo gnucash's doc Directory]] files, too.

== Available Resources ==
There are many resources to support you at gnucash.org and other places. Don't hesitate to use them.

=== gnucash.org ===
We have collected a bunch of useful information for you here in '''this wiki''' -
:''navigate'' from the [[GnuCash|main page]], or the [[Special:Categories]] or use the ''search'' function -
and on the '''website''' {{WebURL}}.

And we have several '''channels of communication''' and a few other useful tools:
:;IRC: The fastest way to get help on ''simple questions'' is using the '''internet relay chat''' [[IRC]], as many of the developers hang out there and are eager to help.
:;Mailing lists: Translators will probably find two or three gnucash mailing lists of interest. If you can not find the answers to your questions in their [[Mailing_Lists#Mailing List Archives]], feel free to ask them.
::* For ''language and region specific questions'', where you should discuss terms and ask for proofreading of your work, use your languages mailing list. Currently we have
::*: '''gnucash-'''[pt_]'''br''',''' de''',''' es''',''' fr''',''' it''',''' nl'''.
::: If none exists for your language or nobody has an answer there, use the english lists:
:::* ''General use questions'' and answers are found on the '''gnucash-users''' mailing list,
:::* specific ''development questions'' go to the '''gnucash-devel''' list.
::* If you dislike the heavy traffic on the above lists, you should at least subscribe the [{{ListURL}}/mailman/listinfo/gnucash-announce gnucash-announce] list to get informed about new :releases.
:To ''subscribe'' or ''view archives'' of these lists follow the links to the [[Mailing Lists]].

=== weblate.org  ===
Since 2020-12-14 the translations of some components, currently ''Glossary'', ''Program'' and ''Website'', are available at [{{URL:wl}} GnuCash @ Hosted Weblate]. Note that languages of the program managed by [[#translationproject.org]] are not listed at weblate.
* Only a web browser, no additional software required to contribute.
* Already as '''anonymous''' you can add ''suggestions'' and ''comments''.
* After you created there an '''account''', you can edit the translations.
** If you also have a [{{URL:GH}} GitHub] account, we can give you some feedback on your contributions.
* If you already have been a '''GnuCash translator''', tell us
*: on {{IRC-URL}} ([[IRC|help about IRC]]) or
*: by a mail to the gnucash-devel list your Weblate name to become a weblate/GnuCash reviewer there.
* We appreciate any help on the optimal configuration by '''experienced weblate users'''. You can contact the GnuCash team by {{IRC-URL}} or [[Mailing Lists]].

==== Other Web Based Translation Tools ====
Several services for translation coordination exist, see [[Improve Localization Process#Web Based Translation Tools]]. As we have no experience with them contact the gnucash-devel mailing list before using them.

=== translationproject.org ===
The [{{URL:TP}} Translation Project] coordinates the ''message cataloges'' of several '''programs'''
;Up to Gnucash 4.9 (2021-12): some of our translators had used it: [{{URL:TP}}obsolete/gnucash/?C=M;O=D last files]. Most of them are now using Weblate.

=== Classical Direct Contribution ===
If you want to work on a new translation and you want to submit it directly to GnuCash, read on.

If you're starting a new translation it's much easier to begin with a tarball, which will include <tt>po/gnucash.pot</tt>; if you start from a [[Git]] clone you'll have to [[Building|build]] Gnucash yourself first to generate <tt>gnucash.pot</tt>.

=== On Other Sites ===
;Technical Reference: For many components we use the '''Gettext''' package. If you need help with <tt>msg*</tt> commands or the .po file format, read it's [{{URL:Gnu}}software/gettext/manual/gettext.html manual].
;General Translations Guidelines and Tips: General information about how to approach the translation of software can be found here:
:;Weblate:
::* {{URL:wl doc}}
:;Gnome: As GnuCash is [[GTK]] based we follow their rules for consistency.
::* Human Interface Guide https://developer.gnome.org/hig/stable/ is multilingual. The most important section is ''writing-style'', but also ''keyboard-input'' is of interest for the program.
::* GNOME ''Documentation'' Style Guide https://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/
::* {{URL:GTP}}
::* {{URL:GTP}}/LocalisationGuide
:;KDE:
::* [https://l10n.kde.org/docs/translation-howto/index.html The KDE Translation HOWTO]

;Other Useful Sites:
:* Often, but not always, {{URL:wp}} has a good explanation and proper language links for special terms.
:: Comparing articles on wikipedia in your language and english can be helpful.
:* There are many online dictionaries, use a search engine like google, to find the best fitting.
:* An index of on-line dictionaries and a lot of other resources can be found at www.yourdictionary.com. 
:* In special cases the terminology database of the European Union [https://iate.europa.eu/info/documentation Inter Active Terminology for Europe] can be used, too.

== How to submit changes directly to GnuCash ==
Once you've improved a translation, there are several options:

=== Pull Requests at GitHub ===
Pull requests are the fastet way to get your work applied.

If you already are a [{{URL:GH}} github] user you can publish your work as a separate branch on your gnucash[-{[ht]docs|on-windows}] fork and send a pull request to the GnuCash team. If you wish to continue your work before the request was completed, simlply create a new working branch. After the pull request was completed you can delete the related branch again. See [[Git]] for details.
;Commit messages:
:# Start your commit message with <tt>L10N:<LL>: </tt>
:#: were <LL>—or ${LL} below—is your language code.
:# Append the output of <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh" inline>msgfmt -c --statistics ${LL}.po</Syntaxhighlight>
:;Example: <tt>L10N:de: 5423 übersetzte Meldungen.</tt>

===Weblate===
''One hour after you stopped editing'' it will create a pull request on your behalf.
:;Tip: If you have a GitHub account you will get informed and can follow the process.

===Verify the Result===
After it got merged, you can …
:;Website: immediately open {{WebURL}}
:;Program: the next day download the (Linux) [[Flatpak#Nightly_Test_Versions_at_gnucash.org|Flatpak]] or [[Windows#Q:_Are_there_nightly_builds.3F|Windows]] nightly
to see and test the reslut of your work.

=== Obsolete Ways ===
Use they only if you have good reasons not to use one of the ways mentioned before!

==== Patches at Bugzilla ====
Before it was recommend to use [[Bugzilla]]. : 
* [{{BugURL}}/createaccount.cgi Create an account] if you still have none or [{{BugURL}}/index.cgi?GoAheadAndLogIn=1 login],
* [{{BugURL}}/enter_bug.cgi?product=GnuCash&component=Translations&bug_severity=enhancement create an ''request for enhancement'' bug against the Gnucash ''component translations''], choose the version on which your patch is based and
* attach a patch
:containing the diff between the old files - if any - and your new files:
:* If you have [[Git]] installed, the easiest way to create the patch is <syntaxhighlight lang="sh" inline>git format-patch origin/maint..maint</syntaxhighlight>.
:* Else you can use ''diffutils'': <syntaxhighlight lang="sh" inline>diff -u[r] <original path> <modified path> > <name>.patch</syntaxhighlight>. See <syntaxhighlight lang="sh" inline>info diff</syntaxhighlight> for details.

==== Mailing lists ====
You can simply email your completed message catalog (<tt>.po</tt> file) to the developers at the [mailto:gnucash-devel@gnucash.org gnucash-devel] mailing list. We'd really rather you use Github or Bugzilla because those are much less likely to get lost or forgotten, but if you really find those too hard we'll try to accommodate you on the list.

== Translating the Program ==
To begin a translation you need either the message template file (gnucash.pot) if you're starting a new translation or the existing message catalog (xx.po or xx_YY.po, where xx is the ISO code for your language and YY the ISO code for a language-variant locale, see [[#Naming Convention|Naming Convention]]). These files are in the gnucash sources, which you can obtain either from our [{{URL:GH}}gnucash.git git repository] or by downloading the latest '''release''' tarball from [https://www.sourceforge.net/projects/gnucash/files/gnucash%020(stable) Sourceforge].

=== Get the source from Git ===
GnuCash uses [[Git]] as version control system. If it is new for you read [[An Introduction to Git]].

The first thing to do is ''usually'', to download the latest STABLE branch, called '''maint''', of gnucash from git and get it to build.

Normally checkout the current stable branch: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
git clone https://github.com/Gnucash/gnucash ${SOURCEDIR}
cd ${SOURCEDIR}
git checkout maint
</Syntaxhighlight>

The argument '''${SOURCEDIR}''' above can be whatever you want your local directory to be called,
and is optional in the first line. If you leave it out, you'll have a directory called <tt>gnucash</tt> created
containing all the source code ''below your current working dir''.

Checkout the documentation (optional, but recommended): <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
git clone https://github.com/Gnucash/gnucash-docs gnucash-docs
cd gnucash-docs
git checkout maint
</Syntaxhighlight>

==== Update your repository ====
After this initial git checkout, you can later update your local repository using <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
git pull --rebase
</Syntaxhighlight>
from anywhere in the tree of ${SOURCEDIR}. We recommend to do it daily when you start your work.

=== Get packages, which are used while building  ===
* [[Dependencies]] contains the list of packages, which are used while building GnuCash. If some are missing the configuration by <tt>cmake</tt> or the build by <tt>make</tt> or <tt>ninja</tt> will fail.
* For working on .po files we use several commands starting with <tt>msg</tt>. This are part of '''gettext-tools'''.
:;Caution: Gettext versions < 0.20 are known not to extract the 'developer_name' xml node, which contains the msgid "GnuCash Project". Do not remove this msgid!
*;Optional: [{{URL:wp}}Translate_Toolkit Translate Toolkit] is already used by Weblate and other projects. While ''gettext'' offers only a few ''formal checks'' '''Translate Toolkit''' has many ''quality checks'' in its <tt>pofilter</tt> command.
Under Linux use your package manager and install them.

=== Steps in the Build System ===
GnuCash uses the [https://cmake.org cmake] build generator to control the build of all components. Details are described in [[Building]]. The following short-form instructions work on Unix systems and assume that you have already set up the dependencies according to [[FAQ#Q:_I_heard_it_is_too_hard_to_compile_GnuCash.21|the FAQ]]. If you are building the unstable or master branches you'll need to use your package manager to install two more development packages, boost-all-devel and googletest.

==== Build system generation ====
It's generally preferred to use a separate build directory. So let's set one up next to our source directory:<SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
cd /path/to/gnucash # replace the example path with your real source path
mkdir ../gnucash-build
cd ../gnucash-build
</SyntaxHighlight>

Next generate a build system in the build directory. Still in the build system, exectue<SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
cmake -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../gnucash-install ../gnucash
</SyntaxHighlight>

This will set up a proper build system in the build directory based on the CMakeLists.txt file in the source directory. If generation fails or if you want to refine your build consult [[Building]].
If all goes well you'll end up with a directory structure as follows:<SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
path/to/
  gnucash/          # directory with gnucash sources
  gnucash-build/    # directory to build gnucash and its translation in
  gnucash-install/  # directory to install final result (not needed for development, just for completeness)
</SyntaxHighlight>

==== Compile ====
It is recommended that you compile the gnucash source code. It is a good idea to actually run gnucash with your new translations because it is quite helpful to see the phrases in the context of the running program. 

Compilation is done by executing the ''make'' command in the ''build directory''.

;Note: Experienced users may prefer to use [[Build_Tools#Ninja|Ninja]] instead of [[Build_Tools#Make|Make]]. How to so is beyond the scope of this page.

<Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${BUILDDIR} # e.g. path/to/gnucash-build/
make
</Syntaxhighlight>

==== Run ====
GnuCash can be run from the ''build directory'' as follows: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${BUILDDIR} # e.g. path/to/gnucash-build/
./bin/gnucash # will open gnucash you just built
</Syntaxhighlight>

Note the use of './bin/' in the line to execute gnucash. This is to make sure you run 
the gnucash executable you just built rather than one that's installed by your distribution.
Omitting this explicit path specification in the command will cause your system to launch
your distribution's pre-installed version of gnucash:<Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
gnucash #  will open your distribution's pre-installed gnucash
</Syntaxhighlight>
<!--FIXME: Other OSes-->

In either case, you can easily switch between the various languages the 
gnucash has available by placing the LANG env var before the call to the
executable. You can find details in [[Locale Settings]].

==== Documentation ====
The ''GnuCash Help Manual'' and the ''Tutorial and Concepts Guide'' can use the same [[CMake]] build system as the code.

# <syntaxhighlight lang="sh" inline>git clone gnucash-docs</syntaxhighlight> or unpack a gnucash-docs tarball
# Using a terminal, go to your gnucash-docs directory <SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
cd /path/to/gnucash-docs # replace the example path with your real path
</SyntaxHighlight>
# Make a build directory next to your source directory and go into it <SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
mkdir ../gnucash-docs-build
cd ../gnucash-docs-build
</SyntaxHighlight>
# Configure the build system<SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
cmake -D CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../gnucash-docs-install ../gnucash-docs
</SyntaxHighlight>
#: These commands will set up a directory structure as follows:<SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
path/to/
  gnucash-docs/          # directory with gnucash-docs sources
  gnucash-docs-build/    # directory to generate gnucash-docs in various formats
  gnucash-docs-install/  # directory to install final result (not needed for development, just for completeness)
</SyntaxHighlight>
# still in your build directory run <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
make html
</Syntaxhighlight>

The new documentation home pages will be <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">${BUILDDIR}/share/doc/${LOCALE}/gnucash-guide/index.html</syntaxhighlight> and <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">${BUILDDIR}/share/doc/${LOCALE}/gnucash-help/help.html</syntaxhighlight>,
where ${LOCALE} is one of <tt>C, de, it, ja, or pt</tt> (English, German, Italian, Japanese, or Portuguese respectively). You can use the <tt>file:</tt> URL scheme to point your browser to one of them; the links will work from there.

=== Naming Convention ===
The language code is of the following form:
:;<language>[_<REGION>][.<Charset>][@modifier]:using the well known ISO codes [{{URL:wp}}List_of_ISO_639-1_codes 639-1] for '''language'''s and [{{URL:wp}}ISO_3166-1 3166-1] for '''region'''s, which are in most cases countries .
:* Only ''if no 2 letter code exists'' for your language in ISO_639-1, use the 3 letter code from [{{URL:wp}}List_of_ISO_639-2_codes ISO_639-2].
* If you are the first translator for your language, you should
** name your files and directories ''only with your language code''.
** set <tt>Language:</tt> in the header of your po file with the full (language and region) code, if significant.
: So all people using your language despite of their region will benefit from your work.
* If there are parts, which are ''specific for your region'', e.g. business account templates respecting local law, then they should be in a <language>_<REGION> directory.
* The common '''charset''' in gnucash is [{{URL:wp}}Utf8 utf8].
* In the rare case ''different scripts'' are used for the same language like kyrilic and latin add for the less used the '''modifier''' e.g. <tt>sr@latin</tt>.

In the following parts of this document 'XXXX' and 'LL'—often prefixed by <tt>$</tt> to mark them as variable—refer to your language code.

=== Contact the maintainer of your language ===

To find out who is the last person to work on your language, look near the 
top of the po/XXXX.po file which corresponds to your language.   If your 
language does not have a .po file available, see the next section.

The beginning of your .po file should look something similar to this: <syntaxhighlight lang="po" highlight="13">
# Localization for Portuguese-Brazil
# Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# Jon Lapham <lapham@extracta.com.br>, 2003
# Jose Carlos Nascimento - <joseca@psabs.com>, 2001.
# 
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: GnuCash 1.8.3\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: https://bugs.gnucash.org/enter_bug.cgi?"
"product=GnuCash&component=Translations\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2003-05-16 16:42-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2003-06-02 12:00-0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Jon Lapham <lapham@extracta.com.br>\n"
"Language-Team: NONE \n"
"Language: pt_BR\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n"
</syntaxhighlight>

Look to see who the "Last-translator" was, and send an email to that person 
and ask what you can do to help.  This is important because if there already 
is an active maintainer of the translation file, you should interact directly
with him or her.  If there is no Last-Translator, or that person is not 
maintaining the file actively (and tells you to take over or does not answer in reasonable time), you will become 
the maintainer and you should change the "Last-Translator" to your name and 
email address.

=== The glossary file ===
Inside the po/glossary/ directory should be a "glossary" file for your 
language.  This file contains a bunch of ''commonly used terms'' found in GnuCash - and the explanation of a few very specific for GnuCash like the disambiguation between ''bill'', ''invoice'' and ''voucher''.
It is recommended that you '''get this file translated first''', and use it as a 
guide when translating the real .po file or the documentation.  Please keep in mind that this file will ''never be visible to a user''! The glossary file is only a tool for you, the translators! I repeat: The strings from the glossary file will ''never'' be user-visible, they are only used by you, the translator.

::;Todo: The current files have a very informal form. To make them more useful like conversion in tool specific glossary formats, we should replace <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
msgid "generic term: term"
</syntaxhighlight> by <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
msgctxt "generic term"
msgid "term"
</syntaxhighlight>

# Go into the glossary directory: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd po/glossary/
</Syntaxhighlight>
# If your .po glossary file ''does not exist'' or ''is older than'' <tt>gnc-glossary.txt</tt>, create the template: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
./txt-to-pot.sh gnc-glossary.txt > gnc-glossary.pot
</Syntaxhighlight>
# Create or update your language's glossary file:
#* If your .po glossary file ''does not exist'', 
## use this gnc-glossary.pot file to create it with <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
msginit # add -l<locale> if different from your settings
</Syntaxhighlight>
## Add your file into the <tt>set_dist_list(po_glossary_DIST ...)</tt> command in <tt>glossary/CMakeLists.txt</tt> <Syntaxhighlight lang="cmake">
set_dist_list(po_glossary_DIST CMakeLists.txt bg.po ca.po da.po de.po el.po es_NI-policy.txt es.po fr.po gnc-glossary.txt he.po
        hr.po hu.po it.po nb.po nl.po pl.po pt_BR.po pt.po ru.po rw.po sk.po sv.po txt-to-pot.sh vi.po zh_CN.po zh_TW.po)
</Syntaxhighlight> to get it in the tarball.
## After changing CMakeLists.txt you have to rerun <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cmake # add your options
</Syntaxhighlight>
#* If your .po glossary file ''exists'', but is older than <tt>gnc-glossary.txt</tt> use the msgmerge program to update it: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
msgmerge --previous -U $LL.po gnc-glossary.pot;
</Syntaxhighlight>
# Now open your language's glossary file and translate it completely.
# Don't forget to [[#Check syntax and statistics of your .po file]].

==== Terms missing or inadequate in the glossary file ====
If you detect an important term which is missing or could be better explained,
* create a pull request at github
: for the ''source file'' '''gnc-glossary.txt'''.
With the exception of the header the lines of this file are alphabetical sorted and have the form: <Syntaxhighlight lang="text">
Msgid<TAB>Comment
</Syntaxhighlight>
:;Reminder: Does your editor enter <TAB>s or will it replace them with <Space>s?
To test it, run the following steps after you changed gnc-glossary.txt:
# To generate a new gnc-glossary.pot: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
./txt-to-pot.sh gnc-glossary.txt > gnc-glossary.pot</Syntaxhighlight>
# run above ''msgmerge'' command for your LL.po,
# check and translate the new string in this updated glossary file.
# If successful, update all *.po files with: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
for i in *.po; do echo -n "$i:"; LANG=C msgmerge --previous -U $i gnc-glossary.pot ; done
#old form: find *.po -exec /usr/bin/msgmerge --previous -U '{}' gnc-glossary.pot \;
</Syntaxhighlight>
;Note: The last step can also be done by a maintainer.
:<tt>LANG=C</tt> is only recommend for maintainers to get english error messages.

=== Get a fresh template ===
The ''Portable Object Template'' (.pot file) is a collection of all translatable strings.

It is important, to repeat this step e.g. after you asked a developer to change an insufficient string or you got an announcement about changed strings like commit messages starting with "<tt>I18N: </tt>" or containing a "<tt>[I18N]</tt>" flag.

:;Tip: If you have problems with this section, you download instead the "current template" from [{{URL:TP}}domain/gnucash.html the translationproject.org]. But keep in mind it is based on the last release and does not contain recent changes.

# If your repository is no fresh checkout, you should first [[#Update your repository]]: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
git pull --rebase
</Syntaxhighlight>
# Only on the first run see [[Building]] to set up your build environment depending on your OS.
#;Note: As you can use <tt>make</tt> or <tt>ninja</tt>, on this page we write always <tt>make <target></tt>. If you decided to use ninja, execute <tt>ninja <target></tt> instead.
# Then in gnucash, a specific command ''at the '''top-level''' of the build tree'' (or source tree, if you do not use a separate build directory) will perform all necessary steps for this: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${BUILDDIR} # adjust ${BUILDDIR}
make pot
</Syntaxhighlight>
# If make complains <Syntaxhighlight lang="console" inline>make: *** No rule to make target `<path/to/missing-source-file>', needed by `gnucash.pot'.  Stop.
</Syntaxhighlight> there are obsolete relicts from a previous build. Just run <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
make clean  # remove obsolete files
make pot    # try it again
</Syntaxhighlight>
# Now go into the po directory: <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${SOURCEDIR}/po # adjust ${SOURCEDIR}
</Syntaxhighlight>
If your language file ''already exists'', continue with [[#Update an existing .po file]].

=== Build a new .po file ===

If there is no .po file for your language, then you can start a new one. Start by 
<SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
msginit [-lLL[_RR]] [-i<path/to/>gnucash.pot]
</SyntaxHighlight>
where <tt>LL</tt> is your language and <tt>RR</tt> your region code, if there is already a different LL.po like e.g. ''pt'' and ''pt_BR''. 
: -i<path/to/>gnucash.pot is required, if you use a separate build dir,
: -l... is only required, if your target is different from your environments current language.
This will initialize the meta information with values from your user environment.
;Note: msginit  0.19.3 is querying an obsolete address of the translation project for language teams, but that doesn't matter.

If that does not work you can copy the file <tt>gnucash.pot</tt> into a work file named <tt>LL.po</tt> and just edit this file.

==== Adjust the header ====
The top of the .po file should be edited somewhat. Most of this adjustments should already be done by <tt>msginit</tt>, but if you copied the template, you will have to adjust all.

* The comments at the top of the file should be changed to be current: <SyntaxHighlight lang="po">
# Messages in Deutsch fuer GnuCash
# Copyright (C) 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# Jan-Uwe Finck <Jan-Uwe.Finck@bigfoot.de>, 1999.
</SyntaxHighlight>
:Expand the copyright comment by a list of <tt><Translator name> <email address>, year[ range]</tt> in ''reverse'' historical order. Then you can later copy the list into <tt>translator-credits</tt>.
:* This is also a good place to record ''typographic conventions'', if more than one person work on the file: <SyntaxHighlight lang="po">
#
# Konventionen/Tastenkürzel:
# »Zitate«: [altgr]+[Y]/[X]
# Gedankenstrich — [altgr]+[Shift]+[-]
</SyntaxHighlight>

* The first, empty msgid "" contains information for you and the gettext tools. Each line of the msgstr contains a '''capitalized entry''', a colon and a value. ''Replace all uppercase words'' with something appropriate. In this case, you will be the first author of the translation, and also the 
:* <tt>Last-Translator</tt>: ''your name'' and ''email address''. This person is responsible for the file, so we need an email address to contact you.
::Do not change it, if you do not want to become the responsible person. Despite that you can add yourself to the above copyright section and <tt>translator-credits</tt> below.
:* <tt>Language-Team</tt>: Some languages are maintained by teams and everybody wants to get informed. That is the case for organizations like [[#translationproject.org]] or the german Gnucash translator team. Enter the  teams name and email address. If you are no member of a team, keep it empty or write <tt>NONE</tt>. Team members can reuse this line in <tt>translator-credits </tt>
:* <tt>Language</tt>: should be the same as the filename without extension, usually the ISO code of your language.
:* <tt>Project-Id-Version</tt>: <Package name> and <Version>. Do not forget to update the version. <tt>msgmerge</tt> seems not to be able to do it for you.
:* <tt>Report-Msgid-Bugs-To</tt>: Should already been set by .<tt>msginit</tt> to <tt>{{BugURL}}/buglist.cgi?roduct=GnuCash&component=Translations</tt> or similar, where you can report issues with the <tt>msgids</tt> like
:** "There is a typo in <msgid>" or
:** "<msgid> is impossible to translate to <your language> because of the grammatical difference …"
:* <tt>POT-Creation-Date:</tt> gets updated by <tt>msgmerge</tt>.
:* <tt>PO-Revision-Date</tt>: The timestamp of the last modification. Editors with a specific po mode should update it on saving. If you use a normal text editor, you will have to do it manually.
:* Do not change the content section <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
</syntaxhighlight> but replace its older forms like: <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
"CHARSET: UTF-8\n"
"ENCODING: 8bit\n"
</syntaxhighlight> with the recent form.
:* Make sure that the header of your .po file contains an adjusted form, e.g. for slavian languages set nplurals=3, of this line: <SyntaxHighlight lang="po">
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n"
</SyntaxHighlight>
::See [{{URL:Gnu}}savannah-checkouts/gnu/gettext/manual/html_node/Translating-plural-forms.html#Translating-plural-forms Gettext Manual: Translating Plural Forms] for details.
:See the full explanation in [{{URL:Gnu}}software/gettext/manual/html_node/Header-Entry.html Gettext Manual: Header Entry].
:* Remove the `#, fuzzy' line once you have specified the items in capitals, because once this is done the header entry is no longer fuzzy. 

==== Adjust special messages ====
* There is currently one '''special string''': <SyntaxHighlight lang="po">
#: gnucash/gnome-utils/gnc-main-window.c:4737
msgid "translator-credits"
msgstr ""
"Christian Stimming, 2001-2021\n"
:
"Jan-Uwe Finck, 1999\n"
"\n"
"Anregungen, Kritik und Fragen zur Übersetzung an die\n"
"deutschsprachige GnuCash-Gemeinschaft <gnucash-de@gnucash.org>\n"
"Um die Moderation zu vermeiden, empfiehlt sich die Anmeldung auf der\n"
"<a\
 href=\"https://lists.gnucash.org/mailman/listinfo/gnucash-de\">Liste "
"gnucash-de</a>"

</SyntaxHighlight>
:This will appear in <tt>Help->About->Credits->Translation</tt>. So you should enter your ''name'' or that of your team and an ''email'' address where users can contact you for typos and gifts.
:;Tip: After some time more persons would have worked on the translation. Then you can expand it from your header comments to: <SyntaxHighlight lang="po">
msgstr ""
"<current translator>, <years>\n"
"<previous translator>, <years>\n"
:
"<first translator>, <years>\n"
"\n"
"Send suggestions, critizism and questions about this translation to\n"
"Klingon speaking GnuCash community <gnucash-tlh@gnucash.org>\n."
"To avoid moderation we recommend to subscribe at\n"
"<a
# This comment exists only to trick the spamfilter. Rejoin the surrounding lines again.
 href=\"https://lists.gnucash.org/mailman/listinfo/gnucash-tlh\">List gnucash-tlh</a>"
# Don't forget to replace Klingon (tlh) by your language and translate the rest!
</SyntaxHighlight> If a list exists, we suggest to remove the email address of individuals for data protection reasons.

==== Prepopulate your file with translations from your glossary and other projects ====
The basic idea is decribed in [{{URL:Gnu}}software/gettext/manual/html_node/Compendium.html#Compendium Gettext Manual: Using Translation Compendia]. Your translator tools might already support compendia. If not, i.e you are using a plain text editor, here is the manual way:

There are in total 3 programms in use:
:;msgcat: Concatenates and merges the specified PO files.
:;msgmerge: Merges two or more Uniforum style .po files together.
:;msgattrib: Filters the messages of a translation catalog according to their attributes or manipulates their attributes.

:;Example: To merge a compendiumn like our glossary: <SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
cd ${SRCDIR}/po
# Gettext manual's suggestion to merge compendia without old po file:
msgmerge --compendium glossary/${LL}.po -o ${LL}.po /dev/null ${BUILDDIR}/po/gnucash.pot
# Perhaps better:
msgmerge -U ${LL}.po --compendium glossary/${LL}.po ${BUILDDIR}/po/gnucash.pot
</SyntaxHighlight>

===== GOffice =====
Gnucash has borrowed a couple of source files from [{{URL:GH}}GNOME/goffice goffice]. Those files contain a number of translatable strings. The goffice translation teams have already put effort in translating those in many languages. To reduce our translation effort, the script linked in [[I18N#Borrowing Code]] can be used to import these translations into our own po files.

If the goffice part for your language is incomplete, you might consider to offer them to update their file with your work.

===== GTK3 =====
Stock buttons became deprecated in their version 3.10. They included:
# a label with mnemonic,
# for which the translation was already done in the gtk domain,
# a unique icon was associated. 

So they are no longer used since gnucash 3.0. We use still the same labels, but the GTK translation is not directly used.

You can save some work by merging the po file of your language from GTK3, i.e. from https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/tree/gtk-3-24/po into your gnucash po file.

:;Example: To merge fitting translations from GOffice and GTK: <SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
#Example to merge common parts from po files in GOffice and GTK

# Variant A: in single steps to watch their results
## 1. join 3. party translations
msgcat --use-first -o tmp.po ${LL}.po ${GOFFICEPATH}/po/${LL}.po ${GTKPATH}/po/${LL}.po
## 2. Remove unused messages. Authoritativ is gnucash.pot:
msgmerge tmp.po ${BUILDDIR}/po/gnucash.pot | msgattrib --no-obsolete > {$LL}.po
rm tmp.po

# Variant B: in one command:
msgcat --use-first ${LL}.po ${GOFFICEPATH}/po/${LL}.po ${GTKPATH}/po/${LL}.po | \
msgmerge ${BUILDDIR}/po/gnucash.pot | \
msgattrib --no-obsolete > {$LL}.po
</SyntaxHighlight>

==== Adjust po/CMakeLists.txt ====
Also include your language code into the ''NEW_LINGUAS variable'' in the [{{URL:GH}}Gnucash/gnucash/blob/maint/po/CMakeLists.txt#L3-L4 CMakeLists.txt] file in the ''po folder'' of your ''source directory'': <SyntaxHighlight lang="sh" highlight="8">
# Set of available languages:
set (ALL_LINGUAS ar as az bg brx ca cs da de doi el en_GB es es_NI et eu fa fi fr gu he hi hr hu id it ja kn ko kok kok@latin ks lt lv mai mni mni@bengali mr nb ne nl pl pt pt_BR ro rw sk sr sv ru ta te tr uk ur vi zh_CN zh_TW)
</SyntaxHighlight>

''CMakeLists.txt'' is a file, which controls the configuration of the ''build process''. So after changing it, you have to '''rerun cmake'''. Some IDEs like [[Eclipse]] will do it automagical for you. 

As part of the build your <tt>LL.gmo</tt> file is generated in the po directory of your build tree. Finally ''make install'' will copy it to the place, where it will be found at runtime. If you forget one of the steps, your translated language will not appear.

Continue with [[#Translating the .po file]].

=== Update an existing .po file ===

Before you begin actual translation work, you should update the gnucash.pot 
file and use this to update your .po file.  This process will insure that 
you have the latest translatable strings.

If your language file ''already exists'', update it using the ''msgmerge'' program. This will move the old translations of unchanged strings in the new file: <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
msgmerge --previous -U LL.po gnucash.pot
</syntaxhighlight>
;Note: If you had choosen a ''separate build directory'', e.g. <tt>.build</tt>, adjust the path in above command: <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${SRCDIR}/po # adjust ${SRCDDIR}
export BUILDDIR=../build # adjust this
msgmerge --previous -U LL.po ${BUILDDIR}/po/gnucash.pot 
</syntaxhighlight>

;Separate commits for "noise" and real work: You should now run <tt>git commit</tt> or ''create a patch'' <tt>"L10N:<locale>: Merge recent template"</tt>.
: This will contain only the "noise" from the updated pot file as usually many line numbers change.
:; Diff example after msgmerge: <syntaxhighlight lang="diff">
 #. Business options
-#: ../src/app-utils/app-utils.scm:303
-#: ../src/business/business-gnome/gncmod-business-gnome.c:117
+#: ../src/app-utils/app-utils.scm:322
+#: ../src/business/business-gnome/gncmod-business-gnome.c:119
 msgid "Business"
 msgstr "Geschäft"
</syntaxhighlight>
:Hiding your real changes in hundreds of such sections will make it really hard for your coworkers to find them.

After having done your [[#Translate the strings|translation]] you [[#Submitting|submit]] a second commit or patch containing your actual work <tt>"Update <locale>.po"</tt>.

You should also do it, if your current translation tool uses '''other format settings''' like line breaks as the previous tool. In this case just open the file, save it and <tt>git commit</tt> or ''create a patch'' <tt>"L10N:<locale>: Preparation: Reformating"</tt>.
:;Example in KBabel format: <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
#: ../src/app-utils/business-prefs.scm:33
msgid "The format string to use for generating customer numbers. This is a printf-style format string."
msgstr "Используемая строка форматирования для создания номеров клиентов. Её формат соответствует printf."
</syntaxhighlight>
:;Example in PoEDit format: <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
#: ../src/app-utils/business-prefs.scm:33
msgid ""
"The format string to use for generating customer numbers. This is a printf-"
"style format string."
msgstr ""
"Используемая строка форматирования для создания номеров клиентов. Её формат "
"соответствует printf."
</syntaxhighlight>

;Review the file header:
* <tt>Project-Id-Version should be ''GnuCash {{Version}}'' and
: <tt>POT-Creation-Date</tt> should be recent. If they are not, you probably forgot [[#Get a fresh template]] or [[#Updating an existing .po file]].
* The <tt>PO-Revision-Date</tt> should be >= <tt>POT-Creation-Date</tt>.
Some, but not all tools will do this reliably for you.

=== Translating the .po file ===

Finally.  You are ready to do some translating!

The .po source files are plain text files.

==== Tools ====
Some ''plain text editors'' offer a specific ''syntax highlighting for .po file''s, but there are also specific tools you can use:
* [{{URL:wp}}Emacs Emacs] has a po-mode to edit po files.
* [{{URL:wp}}Geany Geany], an editor with sytax highlighting and a little bit more
* [{{URL:wp}}Gtranslator GTranslator] is another tool but we recommend not to use it because the version of 2006 doesn't support all of the interesting elements inside the po file. Update this, if you know it is fixed.
* ''Lokalize'' is the successor of KBabel since KDE4.
* ''[https://poedit.net/ Poedit]'' to finish the PO file edit and build.
: [{{ListURL}}/pipermail/gnucash-devel/2018-September/042808.html Version 2.1.1 had issues]
* ''[https://poeditor.com/ POEditor]'' can be used online.
* ''[{{URL:wp}}Translate_Toolkit translate-toolkit]'' is a python based suite. It is also used by sevices like weblate.
* Wikipedia:
** [{{URL:wp}}List_of_translation_software List of translation software]
** [{{URL:wp}}Comparison_of_computer-assisted_translation_tools Comparison of computer-assisted translation tools]
(feel free to add more tools here)

==== Gettext source (.po) file format ====
===== Record Format =====
A record in a po file has the following form: <syntaxhighlight lang="po"><empty or only white-space>
#  translator-comments
#. extracted-comments
#: reference…
#, flag…
#| msgctxt previous-message-context
#| msgid previous-untranslated-string
msgctxt optional-message-context
msgid untranslated-string
msgstr translated-string
</syntaxhighlight>
*The ''empty or only white-space'' line is the record separator.
*In ''translator-comments'' you can put your own notes.
*The ''extracted-comments'' are notes from the programmers for you.
* One or more ''reference''s tell you, where the message appears in the sources.
* The most important ''flags'' will be explained below in [[# Common Flags]] and [[#Special characters and other tips|source language format flag]] will be explained below.
* The ''previous-*'' entries will only appear, after <tt>msgmerge --previous …</tt> for fuzzy messages to show what changed.
* An ''optional-message-context'' has the purpose to distinguish equal msgids with different meanings.
* The ''msg*'' should explain themself above.

;Example:Here is an example of translating some text into German:
:;Before: <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
#: messages-i18n.c:11
msgid ""
"The GnuCash personal finance manager.\n"
"The GNU way to manage your money!"
msgstr ""
</syntaxhighlight>
:;After, the translation in the de.po file: <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
#: messages-i18n.c:11
msgid ""
"The GnuCash personal finance manager.\n"
"The GNU way to manage your money!"
msgstr ""
"GnuCash: Ihr persoenlicher Finanzmanager.\n"
"Der GNU-Weg, ihr Geld zu verwalten!"
</syntaxhighlight>
You should read through every translation in the .po file at least once.

===== Common Flags =====
====== Fuzzy Flag ======
If you see a string that has the phrase <tt>#, fuzzy</tt> in the flags comment above it, review the translation and confirm it by removing
* the <tt>, fuzzy</tt> flag, but no other flags like <tt>, c-format</tt>,
* the <tt>#| msgid</tt> lines, and in some cases
* the <tt>#| msgctxt</tt> line.
A fuzzy translation means that the translation will be ignored by the program.

There are at least 2 reasons for the fuzzy flag:
# one of the <tt>msg*</tt> programs took some guess about what the translation might be from similar msgids,
# in a previous version you had a valid translation, but a programmer changed (parts of) the msgid.

After you finish translating, you should not have any "<tt>#, fuzzy</tt>" strings left. Remember, a string marked as "fuzzy" means it will not be translated in the program. You can filter for fuzzy messages by running <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${SOURCEDIR}/po
msgattrib --fuzzy ${YOUR_LANGUAGE}.po
</syntaxhighlight>

;Example fuzzy message: <syntaxhighlight lang="po" highlight="2-3,5">
#: messages-i18n.c:35
#, fuzzy, c-format
#| msgid "There was an error opening the file %s."
msgid "There was an error writing the file %s."
msgstr "Es gab einen Fehler beim Oeffnen der Datei %s."
</syntaxhighlight> Here the msgid was changed from "opening" to "writing". You need to correct the translated string, remove the line(s) with the old msgid "<tt>#| msgid …</tt>" and the 'fuzzy' flag, because only then the translation will actually appear in the program.
;Example fuzzy fixed: <syntaxhighlight lang="po" highlight="2,4">
#: messages-i18n.c:35
#, c-format
msgid "There was an error writing the file %s."
msgstr "Es gab einen Fehler beim Schreiben der Datei %s."
</syntaxhighlight> Notice that <tt>#, c-format</tt> was ''not removed''.  That is correct, you should leave that.
:;Tip: If all fuzzy strings were fixed (<syntaxhighlight lang="sh" inline>msgattrib --fuzzy $LL.po</syntaxhighlight> returns nothing), you can also bulk remove the previous messages with <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">msgattrib --clear-previous -o $LL.po $LL.po</syntaxhighlight>

====== Format Flags ======
Because parts of GnuCash were written in different programming languages, there appear at least 2 different format flags:
;c-format: Format specifier: <code>%</code>
:When you see the comment "c-format", it means that the format codes in the translatable string are referring to C formatting codes.  So, '%s' means text, '%d' means an integer, etc...
;scheme-format: Format specifier: <code>~</code>
;Todo: Which parts of [[#Special_characters_and_other_tips]] would better stay here?

===== Orphaned Records =====
At the end of your file you might see records like <Syntaxhighlight  lang="po">
#~ msgid "Enter an Online Direct Debit Note"
#~ msgstr "Online-Lastschrift eingeben"

#~ msgid "Debited Account Number"
#~ msgstr "Konto-Nr. des Zahlungspflichtigen"

</syntaxhighlight>
They have no reference line. This records are no longer in use and you can remove them.

==== Translate the strings ====
Each message to translate is then given in turn in the PO file. For example, an untranslated entry might be: <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
#: lib/error.c:88
msgid "Unknown system error"
msgstr ""
</syntaxhighlight>

The empty '''msgstr''' string has to be filled with the translation for the string shown after '''msgid'''. If you were a German speaker, say, the entry once translated might look like: <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
#: lib/error.c:88
msgid "Unknown system error"
msgstr "Unbekannter Systemfehler"
</syntaxhighlight>

You just produce a translation for all entries in the PO file, one after another, respecting the overall file format and the quoting needed for special characters, when needed. Observation and intuition may allow you to grasp what the format should be; the precise rules for PO files are given in the GNU gettext manual. The msgfmt program is helpful for pinpointing formatting errors.

===== Contexts =====
;Important: With Gnucash 3.7 the first 2 forms got replaced by [[#Message Context]]. The description of the old types is only kept for some time to help updating older catalogs.

At some places, GnuCash uses "disambiguation prefixes" in translatable strings. Here is an old explanation:
{{ListURL}}/pipermail/gnucash-devel/2005-October/014236.html ; more explanation is also here: https://wiki.gnome.org/GnomeI18nDeveloperTips.

There are at least 2 ''use cases'':
* '''Abbreviations''', i.e. for columns and their headers: <SyntaxHighlight lang="po" highlight="2,5">
msgid "Reconciled"
msgstr "Abgeglichen"
:
msgid "Reconciled:R"
msgstr "Reconciled:A"
</SyntaxHighlight>
* '''Sample text''' to determinate the size of the output cell. ''Instead of a translation'' the "worst case" of expected text in your language is required here.
:For the following example the german tranlators copied ''the longest path'' of account names from their business account templates as shown in the accounts tab of Gnucash: <SyntaxHighlight lang="po" highlight="2">
msgid "sample:Expenses:Automobile:Gasoline"
msgstr "sample:Aufwendungen 2/4:Reparatur/Instandhaltung:4805 Reparatur u. Instandh. von Anlagen/Maschinen u. Betriebs- u. Geschäftsausst."
</SyntaxHighlight>
:;Important: ''Keep'' the part before the colon ''untranslated''.

Another form - without need to insert the prefix - was <SyntaxHighlight lang="po">
#. Translators: This string has a context prefix; the translation
#. must only contain the part after the | character.
#: gnucash/gnome-utils/dialog-options.c:722
#: gnucash/gnome-utils/gnc-tree-view-account.c:908
msgid "Column letter for 'Placeholder'|P"
msgstr "P"
</SyntaxHighlight> and became <SyntaxHighlight lang="po">
#: gnucash/gnome-utils/dialog-options.c:719
#: gnucash/gnome-utils/gnc-tree-view-account.c:906
msgctxt "Column header for 'Placeholder'"
msgid "P"
msgstr "P"
</SyntaxHighlight>
;Tip: A tool like kdiff3 can help you to recover your previous translation.
====== Message Context ======
In more recently written parts we use a message context: <SyntaxHighlight lang="po" highlight="2-3">
#: libgnucash/app-utils/gnc-ui-util.c:903
msgctxt "Reconciled flag 'not cleared'"
msgid "n"
msgstr ""
</SyntaxHighlight>

===== Special characters and other tips =====
''Depending on the context'' a few characters have a special meaning and need some special treatment:
;"#" (hash): In English it is often used as abbreviation for "Number". You should replace it by "No.", "Nr." or whatever is common in your language.
;"_" (underline): In ''menu and dialog entries'' the following character will become the '''accelerator''', '''mnemonic''' or '''hotkey''', which can be used together with a superkey <code>ctrl</code> or <code>alt</code> to jump to the entry. While in [[GTK2]] they have always been visible, in [[GTK3]] they appear only after holding the superkey. More specific under ''Linux'' you reach a main '''menu''' entry with <code>alt</code>+<code><key></code> and its submenus and other menu entries with <code><key></code>. In '''dialogs''' always use <code>alt</code>+<code><key></code>.
: The terminology is not unique here: while 
::[[#Desired|msgfmt]] has a <tt>--check-accelerator</tt> option and 
::DocBook uses the <accel> tag for ''a letter used with a meta key'' and <shortcut> for ''a key combination'', but 
::GTK+ distinguishes the underline marked character of the label as ''mnemonic'' and the hotkeys like <code>F1</code> for <tt>Help</tt> or <code>ctrl</code>+<code>c</code> for <tt>Copy</tt> as ''accelerator''.
: So the key should
:# exist on a keybord for your language.
:# be easy to remember for your users,
:# be ''unique in its context'' and you should control it by [[#Running GnuCash]] with your file after [[#Compile & Install]]. See also (probably on your language) [{{URL:Gnome-HIG}}guidelines/keyboard.html Gnome's HIG about keyboard input].
:::''wrong:''
::::"do _this" # Hotkey: t
::::"do _that" # Hotkey: t => not directly reachable 
::::"do th_is" # Hotkey: i => thin letter, underline becomes invisible
:::''right:''
::::"do thi_s" # Hotkey: s
::::"do th_at" # Hotkey: a
:::That is one of the reasons why you should [[#Optional Compile & Install|run the program with your translation]]: to see duplicate accelerators.
:::;Characters to avoid: 
::::In dialogs some are already used on buttons like in English: <code>C</code>lose, <code>H</code>elp. Others depend on the context.
::::Thin letters like lowercase '''i''' or '''l''', because the underline is to short.
::::Characters breaking the baseline like in latin script: '''j''','''p''','''q''','''y'''. At least in some fonts the underline becomes invisible - leaving the user clueless.
::It is not required to use the same key as in English, Example from de.po: <syntaxhighlight lang="po">
#: gnucash/gnome-utils/gnc-main-window.c:273
msgid "_File"
msgstr "_Datei"
</syntaxhighlight> Languages are just different.
:;In Weblate: Compare <tt>https://hosted.weblate.org/browse/gnucash/gnucash/$LANGUAGE/?offset=1&q=_&sort_by=source&checksum=</tt>, but replace <q>$LANGUAGE</q> by your language code.

;"\" (backslash): It is the escape character in many programming languags. The following character has a special meaning like e.g.:
:;"\n" (New line): The most often used special character in our strings. If msgid contains "\n" keep the layout and add them to msgstr too - at the same places.
:;"some \"quoted\" text": Because " terminates the messages, you must precede it by a backslash inside of the messages or use other quoting characters like:
::*"some 'quoted' text"
::*"some »quoted« text"
::*"some „quoted” text"
::You are free to use the conventions which are common or suggested in your language, but stay consistent. For that purpose you should add a translator comment about the convention at the beginning of the file for better cooperation.
:Use <tt>"\\"</tt> to print a backslash.
;"%" (percent): In C based programming languages "%" marks the beginning of a '''format specifier''', e.g. "%d6" means insert the next variable here ''in decimal format with 6 digits''. Such format specifiers should be copied into your translated message, at the appropriate spot for your language, see {{URL:Boost}}doc/libs/release/doc/html/date_time/date_time_io.html#date_time.format_flags Boost's list of format flags for date and time].
:;Non-ASCII digits: As a special feature for Farsi (Persian) and maybe Arabic, translators can insert an ‘I’ flag into numeric format directives. For example, the translation of "%d" can be "%Id". The effect of this flag, on systems with GNU libc, is that in the output, the ASCII digits are replaced with the ‘outdigits’ defined in the LC_CTYPE locale category. On other systems, the gettext function removes this flag, so that it has no effect. 
:;Note: If a string is marked with c-format and has a % mark that does '''not''' start a format specifier, [{{BugURL}}/enter_bug.cgi?product=GnuCash&component=Translations file a bugreport] and tell the developers the location of the string (the lines above the msgid). The developers should fix this in the code. One way to do so is to insert a comment containing '''<tt>xgettext:no-c-format</tt>''' before the gettect call.
::In order to continue without having to wait for the developers' fix to propagate you can remove the <tt>c-format</tt> flag from the <tt>#,</tt> comment line above. If no other flags are in the line, simply remove the line.
:* To output "%" if a string contains format specifiers, use "%%" in your string.
:;Reordering parameters: Assume a string <tt>"In %d cases the result will be %d."</tt>, but in your language you would prefer to write <tt>"%d will be the result in %d cases."</tt> Now you would get the wrong numbers.
::;Solution: Insert the ordinal number of the parameter, followed by "$" in the format specifier: <tt>"%2$d will be the result in %1$d cases."</tt>.
;"~" (tilde): like "%", but for <tt>scheme-format</tt>. The basic scheme-format uses ~a or ~s to format subsequent variables within code and should be copied in the translated message, in the same order. Guile's <tt>(ice-9 format)</tt><ref>{{URL:guile-manual}}Formatted-Output.html</ref> does reordering with the ~@* and ~#* arguments, but it's a bit tricky to use: <syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">
(format #t "~@*1~a's ~@* from ~@*2~a to ~a" "Balance Sheet" "Yoyodyne Pty" "1 Oct 2018" "30 Sept 2019")
</syntaxhighlight> would print <syntaxhighlight lang="console">
Yoyodyne Pty's Balance Sheet from 1 Oct 2018 to 30 Sept 2019
</syntaxhighlight>
:;Note: ~a will insert a contents using "human readable" <tt>(display var)</tt> whereas ~s will insert contents using <tt>(write var)</tt>. This is an important difference which means ~a and ~s cannot be interchanged.<ref>{{URL:guile-manual}}Scheme-Write.html</ref>
<References />
;"{''num'',''optional other specifiers''}": this is a format specifier for C++ code. You cat either copy it verbatim somewhere in your translated message or you may [{{URL:Boost}}doc/libs/release/doc/html/date_time/date_time_io.html#date_time.format_flagsdoc/libs/release/libs/locale/doc/html/localized_text_formatting.html adapt it to your language].
;"$" (Dollar): Since 2023 there is another format specifier: <tt>${parameter-name}</tt>.
:;Example: <syntaxhighlight lang="scheme">
(gnc:format "${start} to ${end}" 'start "1 Oct 2018" 'end "30 Sept 2019")
</syntaxhighlight> will print <syntaxhighlight lang="console">
1 Oct 2018 to 30 Sept 2019
</syntaxhighlight> <ref>[{{URL:Bugs}}show_bug.cgi?id=797725 Bug 797725 - Untranslatable string "For Period Covering ~a to ~a"]</ref>
;"&" (ampersand): is the starting  character of [{{URL:wp}}Character_encodings_in_HTML HTML encoding], which is used in some reports. E.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="html">&nbsp;</syntaxhighlight> means NonBreakableSpace.
;"<" (less): is the starting  charcter of tags in several markup languages.  E.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="html"><b>Text</b></syntaxhighlight> results in bold '''Text'''.
;See also: [[GUI Guidelines]] is the related programmers view.

===== Almost Done =====
If you are almost done it becomes harder to find the last untranslated messages. Then you can use <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
msgattrib --untranslated ${LL}.po
</syntaxhighlight> and then search your file for the content of the msgid.

==== Check syntax and statistics of your .po file ====
;Required: <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
msgfmt -c --statistics ${LL}.po
</syntaxhighlight>
If that program reports one or more ''fatal errors'' for your language, you should review the criticized lines of your file.
:;Tip: A successful call will create a file <tt>messages.mo</tt>. If you are not using a build environment, you can move that file to
::;Linux: <tt>[[Building On Linux#Locations to which GnuCash may be installed|${PREFIX}]]/share/locale/${LL}/LC_MESSAGES/gnucash.mo</tt>
:: and restart gnucash to test the program with your translation.
;Desired: In a second run you might wish to see, where you forgot to add an [[#Special characters and other tips|accelerator]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
msgfmt -c --check-accelerators="_" --statistics ${LL}.po
</syntaxhighlight>
The users will love you if you fix them, too.

==== Current status ====
To see some over all statistics how many strings are translated, you can run
 for i in *.po; do echo -n "$i:"; msgfmt -c --statistics $i;done
in your po directory.

==== Priority ====
As you might have noticed, the po file for GnuCash is rather big by containing more than 4000 strings. It is somewhat helpful to look into different priorities for the different strings there. However, unfortunately the po file format doesn't enable any easy way for the GnuCash project to make the import strings differently from the less important ones. However, for a few files the developer team can give you some guidelines for the general priorities.

The ''source code location'' aka [[#Record Format|ref[erence]]] of a string gives you some hint about its priority. In particular, the following file suffixes or file locations imply a certain priority:
* '''High Priority:''' Strings from all '''*.glade''' files will be presented by the GnuCash user interface (UI) somewhere for the user. This may imply a somewhat higher priority to those strings - however, some UI elements are rarely used, so the actual location of the .glade file has an influence as well, but there isn't an easy rule for that anymore.
:;Tip: If you wish to see the string from a *.glade file in it's context, but don't know, where it is hidden in gnucash, if
::* the gnucash source files and
::* the Gnome's interface builder [https://glade.gnome.org/ Glade]
::are installed on your system, you can preview them for instance with <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
LANG=C glade-previewer -f ${SOURCEDIR}/gnucash/gtkbuilder/${FILENAME}
</syntaxhighlight><ref>Without <tt>LANG=C</tt> you would see localized standard buttons, but for now you want to see everything in US English.</ref>
* '''Low Priority:''' Strings from all '''*.schemas.h''' files will '''not''' appear in the gnucash UI. Instead, they are shown only inside the 
:* Linux: ''dconf-editor'',
:* {{Mac}}: ''defaults'' or
:* Windows: ''regedit'' program when the user wants to set particular [[Glossary#G|GSettings]] keys of GnuCash. You can safely consider the .schemas.h strings with lower priority than the others.
**  '''Register2 feature''' is a stalled developement. The strings are only visible, if you [[#configure]]<tt> --enable-register2</tt>. Some, but not all strings are marked with a "Register2 feature" comment.

Unfortunately, there is no such simple rule for strings from *.c files or the single large intl-scm/guile-string.c file. The strings from there may be of higher or lower priority, but this isn't easily visible. We can only recommend to start GnuCash on your own with your updated translation, and then check for strings which you see but are not yet translated. Those are for sure of high priority.

Two additional source code locations can be noted as low priority:
* Everything from the file ''src/bin/gnucash-bin.c'' is of '''low priority''' because those are the command line options when running gnucash with different options from the command line. This is a use case that is performed only by highly experienced users which are accustomed to using the English-language command line commands. Therefore, translations here are of lower priority.
* Everything from the folder ''src/tax'' or from the intl-scm/guile-string.c file with a comment indicating some file in ''src/reports/locale-specific'' is related to tax preparation in the U.S. or in Germany. Hence, those strings are uninteresting for anyone living in different countries, and you can safely consider those with very '''low priority'''.

=== Testing and submitting your translations ===
You must check that your new translations are programatically correct (ie: 
that there are no unclosed quotes, etc). To do this, use the msgfmt program <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
msgfmt -c --statistics $LL.po
</syntaxhighlight>
Above call will report most important errors in your .po file and ''must not fail'', while the call below
 msgfmt -c --check-accelerators="_" --statistics LL.po
whill additionally check if you missed some keyboard accellerators aka hotkeys.

;Note for developers: Another python based tool is '''i18nspector''' - checking tool for gettext POT, PO and MO files. It is stricter and shows also warnings about expected entries which our .pot file is currently missing. That can be discussed e.g. in [[#Background]].

If you want to see your translations within a running version of gnucash,
simply place your .po file in the po/ directory of your local gnucash source repository (which
you have previously installed) and a regenerate your message catalogs with:
<Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${BUILDIDR} # adjust to navigate to your build directory
make po-gmo
</Syntaxhighlight>

Now you can run gnucash with your new translations:

<Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${BUILDIDR} # adjust to navigate to your build directory
LANG=XXXX ./bin/gnucash
</Syntaxhighlight>

To review the schema strings you can use 'dconf-editor'

==== Alternative Way with Poedit ====
If you use Poedit while working on .po file, you would notice that it saves file in .mo format, the very format that GnuCash uses itself. So one would just need to copy this LL.mo file into appropriate subdirectory of your build directory:

<Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cp ${LL}.mo ${BUILDDIR}/share/locale/${LL}/LC_MESSAGES/gnucash.mo # replace ${BUILDDIR} with the actual path to your build directory
</Syntaxhighlight>

The only thing that needs to be changed here is &lt;LL&gt; which stands for your language code (ka Georgian, de German etc). The rest is as in above method:

<Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${BUILDDIR}  # adjust to navigate to your build directory
LANG=$XXXX ./bin/gnucash
</Syntaxhighlight>

=== Submitting ===
just push your commit ([[Git#Pull Requests]]) or upload the [[Git#Patches]] of the files.
There should be one commit/patch containing the noise as described in [[#Update an existing .po file]] and a second one containing your actual work.

Then follow [[#How to submit changes directly to GnuCash]].
See also {{ListURL}}/pipermail/gnucash-devel/2009-January/024700.html [FIXME: obsolete?]

==== Committers ====
* Did you get [[#The glossary file]], too?
* Ideally [[#Updating an existing .po file]]
* Checks:
**[[#Check_syntax_and_statistics_of_your_.po_file]]!
*:Notify the statistics for the commit message.
** The Python tool <tt>i18nspector</tt> finds many additional errors, particular bad header lines. But its language list is incomplete as it knows not many 3-letter-languages. 
**Some common mistakes:
::;msgid "translator-credits": should contain at least the "Last-Translator:" from the header.
::;msgid "gnucash-icon": do not translate, we have only one.

* If the language is ''new''
** [[#Adjust po/CMakeLists.txt]] already done?
* On committing add the name and email address of the last translator from the file as author, e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
 git commit --author="Lieutenant Worf <lt.worf@starfleet.org>" --message="L10N:tlh[: optional status or other details]

4677 translated messages." # << The msgfmt statistics
</syntaxhighlight>
* If you check in a new language, remove a language or see the status of the language changes from partial to (almost) complete, update the numbers in ''<sect2 id="oview-featuresintl2">'' in file '''guide/C/ch_oview.xml''' of ''gnucash-docs''.

=== Problems===
==== Gtk-CRITICAL messages ====
'''Note:''' Fixing this problem is quite difficult. We keep the explanation here in case some developers need it in the future, but if you have no idea what we are talking about in the next sentences, you should rather ignore these Gtk-CRITICAL messages and our explanation here!

If you see any "Gtk-CRITICAL" messages while running gnucash, it is probably
because you translated a string differently than how it exists in some other
gnome library.  You must discover which string you translated differently, and
change the translation to exactly match that of the gnome libraries.

To do this, you need to run gnucash under gdb:

<Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${BUILDIDR} # adjust to navigate to your build directory
LANG=§XXXX gdb ./bin/gnucash
</Syntaxhighlight>

Then, from within gdb, issue <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
run --g-fatal-warnings
</Syntaxhighlight>

Eventually, gnucash should crash (because of the --g-fatal-warnings 
directive), when it does, issue from within gdb <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
backtrace
</Syntaxhighlight>

You should see some output that looks like  <Syntaxhighlight lang="console">
#0  0xffffe002 in ?? ()
#1  0x42028a73 in abort () from /lib/tls/libc.so.6
#2  0x4019d3d8 in g_logv () from /usr/lib/libglib-1.2.so.0
#3  0x4019d414 in g_log () from /usr/lib/libglib-1.2.so.0
#4  0x40500fdd in gtk_type_check_object_cast () from 
/usr/lib/libgtk-1.2.so.0
#5  0x407292e5 in gnc_mdi_tweak_menus (mc=0x825adb0) at gnc-mdi-utils.c:574
#6  0x40729d13 in gnc_mdi_child_changed_cb (mdi=0x8266fd8, prev_child=0x0,
     data=0x8265fd8) at gnc-mdi-utils.c:861
</Syntaxhighlight>

Notice position #5 which has "gnc_mdi_tweak_menus at 
gnc-mdi-utils.c:574"?  Open that source file and find line 574:
<Syntaxhighlight lang="c" line start=573>
  widget = gnc_mdi_child_find_menu_item(mc, "_View/_Toolbar");
  gtk_signal_handler_block_by_data(GTK_OBJECT(widget), info);
</Syntaxhighlight>

So, the problem is with the translation of "_View/_Toolbar".  The "/" is a 
menu seperator, so you now know that the problem is with either the 
translation of "_View" or "_Toolbar". By switching to an English gnucash (LANG=C) 
and looking through your .po file, you should be able to find out the problem.
Change the offending translation to whatever you see in the gnucash app.
Remember that the translations must contain the proper underscores.

==== Watch File accesses ====
To follow gnucash as it access files <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
strace /opt/gnucash-git/bin/gnucash
</Syntaxhighlight>

== Check Files in Repo gnucash's doc Directory ==
;Note: The content of this directory got some cleanup by <s>[{{BugURL}}/show_bug.cgi?id=797111 bug 797111]</s>.

In theory one could create localized man pages (<command>.<man-section>[.in]). But their content is almost the same as <tt><command> --help</tt>, which are translated for <tt>gnucash</tt> and <tt>gnucash-cli</tt>.
;Task: We should use gettext also  in the perl modules.

* If you add files add them to <tt>set(doc_DATA ...)</tt> in [{{URL:GH}}Gnucash/gnucash/blob/maint/doc/CMakeLists.txt CMakeLists.txt].

== Translating the GnuCash Guide and Help==
Moved to [[Documentation Translation]].

== How to translate the files containing the new account hierarchies==

This section describes the actions needed to translate the files
containing the new account hierarchies.

=== Preliminary Considerations ===
:However, please take a moment to think about the intention of the account hierarchy templates. The intention of those files is much more language-related than any other of the files inside gnucash. A string-by-string translation is not the best thing to do here. Instead, you can and should find out an actual recommended account structure which makes sense in your language, and implement that one in your language. By this, I mean several of the english accounts make sense only in the U.S., but probably not in other countries. Hence, your translated account template should not contain them. Also, you can add additional parts of the account templates for your language as well, if the users are likely to need it. 

:For example, in the U.S., users are likely to own a car, and for this reason there is an account structure template for "Car". If in another hypothetical region users are likely to own, say, a spaceship instead of a car, you should remove the "Car" template and instead create a new account structure that represents all accounts related to the ownership of a spaceship, and offer this as additional "Spaceship" template.

:In other words, you should feel free to create a completely new account template structure that is most suited to your language. The english-language templates are just a proposal, but will need further adaption and not a string-by-string translation.

Having said that, here is how you would start for a direct translation of the English templates:

In this section always replace <tt><locale></tt> with your [[#Naming Convention|language code]] and ''optional'' your region code, if there are multiple countries with the same language and your templates are fitting only to one of them.

=== Prerequisite ===
* If not done before, [[#Get the source from Git]].

=== Initialize accounts/<locale> ===
* If it does not already exists, execute the following steps to initialize your <tt>accounts/<locale></tt> directory:
# Copy the directory <tt>accounts/C</tt> to <tt>accounts/<locale></tt>.
#;Tip: If there is already a directory in your language, but for a different region you can instead also copy that.
# In the directory <tt>accounts/</tt> change the file CMakeLists.txt and add your <locale> to both alphabetical sorted lists:
## <syntaxhighlight lang="CMake">
add_subdirectory(C)
:
add_subdirectory(<locale>)
:</syntaxhighlight>
## <syntaxhighlight lang="CMake">set(accounts_DIST ${C_DIST} ...  ${<locale>_DIST} ... ${dist_list} PARENT_SCOPE)</syntaxhighlight>
# In <tt>accounts/<locale>/CMakeLists.txt</tt> adjust the <locale>: <syntaxhighlight lang="CMake">
:
set_dist_list(<locale>_DIST ${dist_account_DATA} CMakeLists.txt)

install(FILES ${dist_account_DATA} DESTINATION ${ACCOUNTS_INSTALL_DIR}/<locale>)
file(COPY ${dist_account_DATA} DESTINATION ${ACCOUNTS_BUILD_DIR}/<locale>)
</syntaxhighlight>
#;Note: The next 2 steps are are discussed in [[#Localize the Account Charts]] below.
# Localize <tt>acctchrt_full.gnucash-xea</tt>. This is only a helper file where you have all accounts in their context.
# Now create the real modules by merging the respective parts from <tt>acctchrt_full.gnucash-xe</tt> in the other acctchrt_*.gnucash-xea files.
* If you remove or create new files, adjust in <tt>accounts/<locale>/CMakeLists.txt</tt> the list <syntaxhighlight lang="CMake">
set(dist_account_DATA
  ...)
</syntaxhighlight>
* Whenever you changed one or more <tt>CMakeLists.txt</tt> files, you have to rerun <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
cd ${SOURCEDIR}
cmake <your options>
cd ${BUILDDIR} # e.g. .build
make # or ninja</syntaxhighlight>

=== Localize the Account Charts ===
'''Tip:''' <tt>C/acctchrt_full.gnucash-xea</tt> is a helper file. Because we prefer modularization it usually is not part of the distribution. It contains the full tree of the ''personal en_US accounts''. The other <tt>acctchrt_*.gnucash-xea</tt> files contain single branches of that. So after translating it you can copy&paste the respective parts in the other files to ensure consistency between them.

If you modularize the templates you should start with <tt>acctchrt_common.gnucash-xea</tt> - it is the most basic.

For each ''desired'' <tt>acctchrt_*</tt> file in that directory:
# Change the <tt>gnc-act:title</tt>, <tt>gnc-act:short-description</tt>, and <tt>gnc-act:long-description</tt> to contain appropriately translated text. Do not add any newlines in the long description except at the end and begining of the string.
# For each <tt>gnc:account</tt> in the file
## translate the <tt>act:name</tt>, and <tt>act:description</tt> fields.
## Optionally you can
### assign an '''account number''' <tt><act:code>1234</act:code></tt> after <tt><act:commodity-scu></tt> or
### add a '''note''' as i.e. in <syntaxhighlight lang="xml" highlight="6-9">   <act:slots>
    <slot>
      <slot:key>hidden</slot:key>
      <slot:value type="string">true</slot:value>
    </slot>
    <slot>
      <slot:key>notes</slot:key>
      <slot:value type="string">Some additional text about the usage of this account</slot:value>
    </slot>
    <slot>
      <slot:key>placeholder</slot:key>
      <slot:value type="string">true</slot:value>
    </slot>
  </act:slots>
</syntaxhighlight>
#:  Please do ''not translate'' any other fields or the internally used ROOT account.
# To avoid typos, run the [[Account Hierarchy Template#Syntax Check]].
# New files to be shown to the user must be added to the <tt>account_DATA</tt> section,
#:helper files like ''acctchrt_full.gnucash-xea'' to <tt>EXTRA_DIST</tt> in <tt>Makefile.am</tt>.

'''Note again:''' You absolutely don't need to translate all of the files from
<tt>accounts/C</tt>.  A subset of those are fine as well. Probably several of
them will not apply to your local legislative/economic system anyway.
For a really customized account hierarchy you might better create a
new account hierarchy file in GnuCash, and then, by hand-editing the
xml code, split it up into several files and cut&paste the appropriate
tags from the accounts/C/acctchrt_* files.

If you wish to add '''new accounts''' manually, you will need some additional ''guids'', those funny random numbers. To get them you can use: <SyntaxHighlight lang="sh">
uuidgen | sed -e 's/-//g'
</SyntaxHighlight>
or use an online uuid generator like [https://www.guidgenerator.com/ this one] (any other one will do as well). Be sure to untick "Hyphens" to generate gnucash compatible guids. If you forget or the site you use doesn't offer that option, simply remove the hyphens yourself.
;Dependencies:''uuidgen'' is in a package ''''util-linux'''', '''sed''' has its own package. <!-- on opensuse; add different names for other distris -->

[[Account Hierarchy Template]] describes, how to create new templates e.g. for business purpose according local rules.

=== Test your Work ===
To test your work under real conditions, you should finally [[#Compile_.26_Install|Compile & Install]] it. But before you need an adjusted '''Makefile.am''' in your accounts/<locale> directory. If none exists, copy that from <tt>accounts/c</tt> and adjust it:
* 1. Line (accountdir): adjust the locale.
* If you removed accountcharts, remove their line from <tt>account_DATA</tt>,
* if you added new files, insert lines with their names and "\" (the line continuation symbol).

== How to create localized Income Tax Tables ==
;Note: This section is under developement and mostly untested!

As of the beginning of 2015 there is a nice US tax module, with a report and export in TXF format, and a small German (de_DE) derivate for the monthly VAT declaration. You can compare them to see how you can tweak them to get something else.

=== Tax Table ===
Because it is also used by <tt>Edit->Tax Report Options</tt>it is part of the [{{URL:GH}}Gnucash/gnucash/tree/maint/libgnucash/tax/ GnuCash library]:
# Copy <tt>us</tt> into a new subfolder with the lowercased  ISO code of your region.
#:It contains the following files
## tax.scm - is only a linking element, where you have to replace <tt>us</tt> by your region twice.
## txf.scm - the tables, and
## txf-help.scm - the descriptive help strings for each TXF code. This is also used to get a table in gnucash-docs/help/
#They have relative simple table structures: <syntaxhighlight lang="scm">
(define txf-tax-entity-types 
</syntaxhighlight>
#:contains a list of forms for different entities (person, company …). <syntaxhighlight lang="scm">
(define txf-income-categories …
(define txf-expense-categories …
</syntaxhighlight>
#: contain for each of the above lists the entries. If you compare this file with the respective files in <tt>de</tt>, you can see an example localization with additional categories: <syntaxhighlight lang="scm">
 (define txf-asset-categories …
 (define txf-liab-eq-categories …
</syntaxhighlight>
#: It should be possible to adapt the lists for your tax forms.

=== Report and Export===
Probably you need to have other export reports. That are in
{{URL:GH}}Gnucash/gnucash/tree/maint/gnucash/report/reports/locale-specific/us like
* txf-export.scm
* us.scm is unused
Here you might probably need some help from a programmer.

== How to translate the website ==
:;Note about OS: These instructions are written for linux. They will probably work on other unix-like systems as well, but not on Windows. On Windows you may be able to do this if you set up a linux-like environment (with cygwin or MinGW[-w64]), but that's untested so far. Please report your findings here.

* Get a checkout of {{URL:GH}}Gnucash/gnucash-htdocs
* Run the command <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">make pot</syntaxhighlight>
* Then depending on whether or not a translation for you language exists already (complete or not):
*;Existing translation:<br>Run the command <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">
msgmerge --previous -U po/LL.po po/gnucash-htdocs.pot
</syntaxhighlight> where LL is your language code, see [[#Naming Convention]] above.
*:;Alternative: <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">make msgmerge</syntaxhighlight> will update ''all'' .po files
*;New translation:<br> In the po directory run 
*:;As translator: <syntaxhighlight lang=sh>msginit</syntaxhighlight> This will insert your name, email and locale settings into the new file. If that fails copy the newly created file po/gnucash-htdocs.pot to po/LL.po, where LL is your language code, see [[#Build a new .po file]] earlier. 
*:;As maintainer: <syntaxhighlight lang=sh># Set LL=<language code>
msginit --no-translator --locale=$LL</syntaxhighlight> This will create  a new file $LL.po without personal data. Continue with [[#Maintainers Task]].
* Translate the po/LL.po file as described in [[#Translating the .po file]].
*;Priority:
::;High: Startpage: {index|externals/*}.phtml
::;Low: sizing.phtml (outdated) search/templates/NMZ.* (unused)
::;Medium: the rest depends on you.
* Run <syntaxhighlight lang="sh">msgfmt -c --statistics po/LL.po</syntaxhighlight> to see your success.
* Optionally run <Syntaxhighlight lang="sh">recode -d <input_encoding>..h0 po/LL.po</Syntaxhighlight> to get special characters HTML quoted.
* Send your LL.po either as
** GitHub Pull Request or
** attachment of a Bugzilla enhancement request to the mainteiner team.

== Background ==
This section was started to get some overview, '''work in progress!'''
Beyond it helped to get rid of the outdated [[#IntlTool]] in version 2.7.6.
For details see the [{{URL:Gnu}}software/gettext/manual/gettext.html GetText Manual].

=== Packages ===
In our build process we use beneath self written scripts the following packages:
* glib2-devel: glib-gettextize      
* gettext, probably broken in:
** -runtime: msgfmt, ...
** -tools: (autopoint), gettextize, msg*, xgettext, ...
** -runtime-tools-doc: manuals etc.
* (only up to 2.7.5) intltool: Intltool*

=== Our Build Process ===
This was the old (upto 2.6) autotools build process, which went through the following scripts:
 
====== autogen.sh ======
;Note: Autotools were only used up to 2.6 branch. 2.7 and later use [[CMake]] instead.
;glib-gettextize: helps to prepare a source package for being internationalized through gettext. It is a ''variant of the gettextize'' that ships with gettext. 
:glib-gettextize differs from gettextize in that it doesn't create an intl/ subdirectory and doesn't modify po/ChangeLog (note that newer versions of gettextize behave like this when called with the --no-changelog option).

»Note that on GNU systems, you ''don't need to link with libintl'' because the '''gettext library functions are already contained in GNU libc'''.« (glibc) [{{URL:Gnu}}software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Overview]

====== configure.ac ======
* Sets
 ALL_LINGUAS= ...
In recent versions it can be substituted by LINGUAS files in the po directories. We should consider this to distinguish TP vs. GC maintained translations.
 GETTEXT_PACKAGE=gnucash
This is intltool style. Gettext uses PACKAGE=...
 AC_SUBST(GETTEXT_PACKAGE)
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(GETTEXT_PACKAGE, "$GETTEXT_PACKAGE",
    [GetText version number])

AM_GNU_GETTEXT_REQUIRE_VERSION|AM_GNU_GETTEXT_VERSION(x.yy.zz) can be used to require a version. We should use it to avoid ...
* TP expects > 0.11.
* gnulib expects >= 0.17
* RHEL7 offers 0.18.2 (RHEL6 0.17)
* Debian Stable offers 0.18.1 and in backport 0.19.3
* '''Glade2 msgctxt''' and Glade3 were implemented in 0.18.3 - July 2013
* '''GSettings''' and '''Desktop''' entries are implemented in 0.19 - June 2014
* and got bugfixes until Version 0.19.3 - October 2014
* '''Scheme''' format strings got a fix in 0.19.4 - December 2014
* '''AppData''' support: [https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2015-09/msg00003.html gettext-0.19.6 released] - 2015-09
* ? custom XML formats in 0.19.7
:<gjanssens> GtkUIManager files don't contain translatable strings as far as I know. They're not in POTFIILES.in either.
* at the time of our last update: [https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2016-06/msg00006.html gettext-0.19.8.1 released] - 2016-06
* [{{BugURL}}/show_bug.cgi?id=725296#c21 gjanssens sv->swedish patch for Windows] is in gettext 0.20. It is also the first version , which extracts <developer_name> from appdata.xml. [{{ListURL}}/logs/2020/01/15.html#T15:20:46 IRC log]
* recent: [https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2019-05/msg00011.html GNU gettext 0.20.1 released] - May 12, 2019

This setting then can be used by autoPoInt. Watch the caveaets from https://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/manual/html_node/gettextize-and-autopoint.html:
: On the other hand, if your package is not as concerned with compliance to the latest standards, but instead favors development on stable environments, the steps are:
:# Determine the oldest version of gettext that you intend to support during development (at this time, gnulib recommends going no older than version 0.17). Run autopoint (not gettextize) to copy infrastructure into place (newer versions of gettext will install the older infrastructure that you requested).
:# Invoke gnulib-tool, and import the gettext-h module. # Fixme: Meaning?

:Regardless of which approach you used to get the infrastructure in place, the following steps must then be used to preserve that infrastructure (gnulib’s bootstrap script follows these rules):
:# When a script of yours run autopoint, invoke gnulib-tool afterwards.
:# When you invoke autoreconf after gnulib-tool, make sure to not invoke autopoint a second time, by setting the AUTOPOINT environment variable, like this:
::<pre>$ env AUTOPOINT=true autoreconf --install</pre>

 AM_GLIB_GNU_GETTEXT          # FIXME: Meaning?
*runs checks with settings
** AC_PROG_INTLTOOL
** AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ltdl.h, ...
 dnl Make sure we have a proper gettext installed
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(for a valid gettext/gmsgfmt installation)
 if test "$gt_cv_have_gettext" != "yes" || test "x$GMSGFMT" = "x"; then
   AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
   AC_MSG_ERROR([Cannot find Glib Gettext.  Maybe you need to install the gettext package?])
 else
   AC_MSG_RESULT(yes - $GMSGFMT)
 fi

====== makefile.am ======
has the following section:
 .PHONY: pot
 pot: Makefile po/POTFILES.in
 	rm -f po/$(PACKAGE).pot
 	${MAKE} -C po $(PACKAGE).pot
 
 
 $(srcdir)/po/POTFILES.in: make-gnucash-potfiles .potfiles
 	if test -w $(srcdir)/po/POTFILES.in ; then ./'''make-gnucash-potfiles''' > $(srcdir)/po/POTFILES.in ; fi
 
 # Creation rules so that po/gnucash.pot can always be created for
 # make dist.
 po/gnucash.pot: po/POTFILES.in
 	${MAKE} -C po gnucash.pot
 
 .potfiles:

====== make-gnucash-potfile.in ======
This is a self written perl script from the time as gettext had several issues. It creates '''po/potfiles.in''', the "list of files which contain translatable strings". This script is not used in a cmake based build environment for gnucash. As gnucash 2.7.4 and more recent is cmake only, this file has been removed starting from that release.

====== xgettext ======

;xgettext: Extract translatable strings from given input files. See --language for supported list:
:;--language=NAME: recognise the specified language ('''C''', '''C++''', ObjectiveC, PO, Shell, ''Python'', Lisp, EmacsLisp, librep, '''Scheme''', Smalltalk, Java, JavaProperties, C#, awk, YCP, Tcl, ''Perl'', PHP, GCC-source, NXStringTable, RST, '''Glade''', Lua, JavaScript, Vala, '''Desktop''') 
:Options, which we should check:
:;--copyright-holder=STRING: set copyright holder in output
:;--foreign-user: omit FSF copyright in output for foreign user
:;--msgid-bugs-address=EMAIL@ADDRESS: set report address for msgid bugs