This is a glossary of common terms used in GnuCash. Some entries here are taken from
Wikipedia.
An account keeps track of what you own, owe, spend or receive.
An accounting period is the period with reference to which accounting books of an entity are prepared. Common accounting periods include month, quarter, and year.
A library which implements the German Home Banking Computer Interface (HBCI) and Electronic Banking Internet Communication Standard (EBICS), OFX Direct Connect and Paypal. It is the successor of openHBCI.
An asset is something you own. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held to have positive economic value is considered an asset.
A Balance Sheet is a summary of the financial balances of an individual or organization. It summarizes a company's assets, liabilities and ownership equity at a specific point in time.
A book is a record of all transactions for an individual or organization. In GnuCash, each file
contains a book.
The difference between the purchase and selling prices of an investment at the time the investment is sold. Also known as Realized Gain/Loss. Before an investment is sold, the difference in value is referred to as Unrealized Gain/Loss.
См. также Realized Gain/Loss, Unrealized Gain/Loss.
См. Stock.
A listing of all the accounts available in the data file. The chart of accounts consists of balance sheet accounts (assets, liabilities, stockholders' equity) and income statement accounts (revenues, expenses, gains, losses).
The fee paid to a broker to buy or sell securities.
A commodity is something of value that is easily tradeable or sellable; for example, currencies, stocks, bonds, grain, copper, and oil are all commodities.
См. Stock.
The concept that the reinvested interest can later earn interest of its own (interest on interest). This is often referred to as compound interest.
Cost basis is the original cost of property, adjusted for various factors. Its primary use is for tax purposes. Factors that affect the cost basis include: stock splits, dividends, depreciation and return of capital distributions. Cost basis is used to determine the capital gain.
Stands for Comma Separated Values. CSV files are used to store data in plain text. Each line of the
file is a record and each record can be comprised of multiple fields separated by commas.
CSV is one import format that GnuCash supports.
Dividends are cash payments a company makes to shareholders. The amount of this payment is usually determined as some amount of the profits of the company. Not all common stocks give dividends.
Equities are investments in which the investor becomes part (or whole) owner in something.
A banking protocol used by German banks. Developed by the German Central Banking Committee ZKA
(Zentraler Kredit-Ausschuss). The standard is used only by German banks. Prior 2002, it was
called Home Banking Computer Interface (HBCI). FinTS is one import format that GnuCash
supports.
См. также Home Computer Banking Interface (HBCI).
Since version 2.5 the tool that stores user configuration data. It uses the native data store of the operating system:
LinuxDConf since Gnome 3.0 dropped GConf
macOSDefaults. Use the command-line defaults(1) to modify prefs when GnuCash isn't running.
WindowsRegistry.
A bank-independent online banking protocol used by German banks. Home Banking Computer Interface
(HBCI) was developed by the German Central Banking Committee ZKA (Zentraler
Kredit-Ausschuss). Since 2002, it has been called Financial Transaction Services (FinTS).
HBCI is one import format that GnuCash supports.
См. также Financial Transaction Services (FinTS).
What a borrower pays a lender for the use of their money. Normally, this is expressed in terms of a percentage of the principal per year. For example, a savings account with 1% interest will pay you $1 for every $100 you keep deposited per year.
A liability is a debt or obligation that an individual or organization owes.
An open source library for OFX. It was created by one of the GnuCash developers,
originally to be the OFX interface for GnuCash.
См. также OFX.
A measure of how easily convertible an investment is to cash. Money in a savings account is very liquid, while money invested in a house has low liquidity because it takes time to sell a house.
A lot is a means of grouping a commodity so that you later identify that the item bought in one transaction is the same as one sold in a different transaction. Lots are often implemented with stocks, where capital gain can depend on which item is being sold at a given time.
A financial information standard defined by SWIFT and used by several European banks. It is also
used internally in HBCI. Unfortunately, you can't download the MT940 standard, but some
banks publish it on their websites. MT940 is one import format that GnuCash supports.
The Open Financial eXchange format. This is a financial information exchange standard used by many
institutions. OFX is one import format that GnuCash supports.
The price database contains a store of price quotes for stocks, mutual funds, and currencies.
The original amount of money invested or borrowed.
The Quicken Financial eXchange format is a proprietary financial information exchange standard
promoted by Quicken and used by many institutions. QFX is one import format that GnuCash
supports.
The Quicken Interchange Format (QIF) is an open specification for reading and writing financial data
to files. This is an older format that is still used by many institutions. QIF is one import
format that GnuCash supports.
The difference between the purchase and selling prices of an investment at the time the investment is sold. Also known as Capital Gain/Loss. Before an investment is sold, the difference in value is referred to as Unrealized Gain/Loss.
См. также Capital Gain/Loss, Unrealized Gain/Loss.
Reconciliation is a verification process in which the user compares their records with those of the financial institution to ensure that the records in each system agree at some particular point in time. During reconciliation, the user checks individual transactions in their file against the institution's statement; upon completion, the reported balances of the institution and the reconciled account will match at that point in the register.
The total income plus capital gains or losses of an investment.
См. также Yield.
In formal accounting, a transaction is never deleted. Therefore, when a mistake is made, the original transaction remains in the ledger, and a transaction is added to the ledger that reverses the original. This reversing transaction duplicates the original transaction, but with debit and credit amounts reversed. This removes the effect of the erroneous transaction from the books. After entering the reversing transaction, a corrected transaction can then be entered. Reversing transactions are not commonly used in personal accounting.
The probability that the return on investment is different from what was expected. Investments are often grouped on a scale from low risk (e.g., savings accounts or government bonds) to high risk (e.g., common stocks or junk bonds). As a general rule of thumb, the higher the risk, the higher the possible return.
Scheduled transactions provide a framework for remembering information about transactions that are set to occur in the future, either once or periodically.
См. также Yield.
Scheme is a functional programming language based on a dialect of LISP. Reports in GnuCash use the
Scheme programming language; thus, users wishing to customize reports must write Scheme.
A shareholder is a person who holds common stock in a company.
A split, or Ledger Entry, is the fundamental accounting unit. Each split consists of an amount, the value of that amount expressed in a (possibly) different currency, a Memo, a pointer to the parent Transaction, a pointer to the debited Account, a reconciled flag and timestamp, an action field, and a key-value frame which can store arbitrary data.
A security that represents a certain fractional ownership of a company. This is what you buy when you «buy stock» in a company on the open market. This is also sometimes known as capital stock, or common stock.
Occurs when a company offers to issue some additional multiple of shares for each existing stock. For example, a «2 for 1» stock split means that if you own 100 shares of a stock, you will receive an additional 100 shares at no cost to you. The unit price of the shares will usually be adjusted so there is no net change in the value, so in this example the price per share will be halved. Note that such transactions affect the cost basis per share owned.
A transaction consists of a date, a description, an ID number, a list of two or more splits, and a key-value frame. Transactions embody the notion of "double entry" accounting.
Unrealized gain or loss is the difference in value between a purchase price and the current value of a given asset. These gains remain unrealized until the asset is sold, at which point they become Realized gains or losses.
См. также Capital Gain/Loss, Realized Gain/Loss.
The process of determining the market value or the price the investment would sell at in a «reasonable time frame».
The eXtensible Markup Language is an international markup standard. GnuCash stores its data by default
in an XML data structure.
A measure of the amount of money you earn from an investment (i.e., how much income you receive from the investment). Typically, this is reported as a percentage of the principal amount. Yield does not include capital gains or losses (see Return). For example, a stock that sells for $100 and gives $2 in dividends per year has a yield of 2%.